Antidepressivos: Solução ou Problema?
Todos nós já ouvimos a teoria de que a depressão é causada por um desequilíbrio químico no cérebro, principalmente por uma suposta deficiência de serotonina. A ideia de que os antidepressivos corrigem esse desequilíbrio é amplamente divulgada.
Por exemplo, o site MedlinePlus, dos Institutos Nacionais de Saúde Mental Americano, afirma que medicamentos como a imipramina funcionam aumentando as quantidades de certas substâncias químicas no cérebro, essenciais para o equilíbrio emocional.
Se essa teoria fosse totalmente verdadeira, o uso de antidepressivos deveria ser tão natural quanto o uso de insulina por diabéticos. Mas será que é tão simples assim?
Ler também: O que causa a depressão? Entenda os fatores por trás dessa doença mental
Existe mesmo deficiência de serotonina na depressão?
Pesquisas recentes questionam essa teoria tradicional.
Estudos mostram que há poucas evidências concretas de que a depressão seja causada apenas por baixos níveis de serotonina. Em muitos casos – especialmente nos quadros leves e moderados – os antidepressivos não apresentam resultados muito melhores do que placebos.
Isso levanta a pergunta: “Será que estamos tratando a depressão da maneira correta?”
Leia também: Antidepressivos: Como funcionam e quando são indicados?
Depressão como mecanismo de cura? Entenda a psiquiatria evolucionista
Uma linha de pensamento cada vez mais estudada é a da psiquiatria evolucionista, que vê a depressão não como uma “doença”, mas como uma resposta adaptativa do organismo.
Exemplo: O Caso da Febre
Antes do século XVIII, a febre era vista como uma doença perigosa, tratada com métodos agressivos como sangrias e vômitos. Hoje sabemos que a febre é um mecanismo natural do corpo para combater infecções.
Exemplo: A Função da Dor
A dor física também tem um propósito: nos alertar de que algo está errado, como uma lesão ou inflamação.
Da mesma forma, alguns psiquiatras evolucionistas acreditam que a depressão pode ser um sinal de que algo na vida da pessoa precisa mudar, seja um trabalho tóxico, um relacionamento abusivo ou uma insatisfação profunda com os rumos da vida.
Os antidepressivos podem impedir a melhor recuperação?
Mesmo que a depressão não seja um distúrbio químico puro, você pode pensar: “Ainda assim, os antidepressivos podem ajudar a aliviar os sintomas, certo?”
Isso é verdade em alguns casos. Porém, pesquisadores como o psicólogo evolucionista Paul Andrews argumentam que os antidepressivos podem, em certos casos, prolongar o sofrimento.
O que dizem as pesquisas?
No artigo “Primum non nocere: uma análise evolucionária sobre se os antidepressivos causam mais mal do que bem”, Andrews defende que a função natural da depressão é forçar o cérebro a resolver problemas difíceis da vida.
Ou seja: ao bloquear artificialmente os sintomas, os antidepressivos podem atrapalhar esse processo.
O psicólogo Steven Hollon, da Universidade de Vanderbilt, reforça essa ideia. Segundo ele, os antidepressivos podem ser apenas paliativos, suprimindo os sintomas temporariamente, mas não resolvendo o problema subjacente.
Antidepressivos fazem mal? Quando realmente são indicados?
Importante destacar: isso não significa que ninguém deva tomar antidepressivos. Eles têm papel fundamental em casos de depressão grave, com risco de suicídio, ou quando a pessoa está tão debilitada que não consegue buscar ajuda de outra forma.
Cuidado com a Interrupção Abrupta
Se você já usa antidepressivos, jamais pare o tratamento sem orientação médica. A suspensão brusca pode causar sintomas de abstinência e piora dos quadros emocionais.
Precisamos repensar o tratamento da depressão
Atualmente, a prescrição de antidepressivos cresceu de forma preocupante. Estudos apontam que:
- 1 em cada 5 estudantes universitários nos EUA usa antidepressivos
- Cerca de 1 a cada 7 adultos no Reino Unido também
Isso levanta uma questão urgente: Será que estamos medicando demais, sem investigar a raiz emocional dos problemas?
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