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Alcoolismo

Para muitos, cerveja, vinho e destilados estão associados a encontros sociais e momentos de diversão. No entanto, o álcool é um depressor do sistema nervoso central e pode alterar facilmente o comportamento, podendo levar, em alguns casos, à dor emocional e à desintegração física causadas pelo vício em álcool, conhecido popularmente como alcoolismo. Especialistas continuam a debater os benefícios e riscos do consumo de álcool, discutindo intensamente se a moderação ou a abstinência total é a melhor opção para quem enfrenta o alcoolismo.

O Transtorno por Uso de Álcool (TUA) é caracterizado por um padrão de consumo desordenado que resulta em sofrimento significativo. Entre os sintomas estão a síndrome de abstinência, dificuldade para cumprir responsabilidades diárias, conflitos em relacionamentos e comportamentos de risco que colocam a própria pessoa ou outros em perigo.  De acordo com dados da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e estudos nacionais, estima-se que cerca de 5% a 10% da população brasileira sofra com o transtorno por uso de álcool, o que equivale a aproximadamente 10 a 20 milhões de pessoas.

Sinais, sintomas e diagnóstico

O alcoolismo, ou Transtorno do Uso de Álcool (TUA), é um padrão problemático de consumo de álcool que leva a sofrimento e comprometimento na vida diária. O diagnóstico, baseado no DSM-5, classifica o TUA em leve, moderado ou grave, dependendo do número de sintomas presentes. Os sintomas incluem consumo excessivo e incontrolável, dificuldade em reduzir ou interromper o consumo, tempo significativo dedicado ao consumo e recuperação, desejo intenso (craving), negligência de obrigações, afastamento social, tolerância e abstinência. A presença de dois ou mais sintomas em 12 meses indica TUA, com gravidade classificada em leve (2-3 sintomas), moderada (4-5) ou grave (6+). Sinais de alerta precoces incluem rotinas rígidas em torno do álcool, irritabilidade, oscilações de humor, deterioração de relacionamentos, declínio profissional e perda de interesse. A distinção entre consumo excessivo e alcoolismo é complexa, com uma “zona cinzenta” onde o consumo causa problemas sem atingir gravidade clínica. O TUA é subdiagnosticado devido a comorbidades, relutância em abordar o tema e negação do problema. O diagnóstico deve ser feito por um profissional de saúde.

Identificando o alcoolismo:

Identificar o alcoolismo, ou Transtorno do Uso de Álcool (TUA), envolve reconhecer padrões de consumo excessivo e comportamentos relacionados. O uso pesado de álcool é um indicador-chave, mas sua definição varia. O Instituto Nacional sobre Abuso de Álcool e Alcoolismo considera consumo excessivo mais de quatro doses diárias ou quatorze semanais para homens, e mais de três doses diárias ou sete semanais para mulheres. Já a SAMHSA define como consumo excessivo beber em excesso em cinco ou mais dias no mês anterior.

O Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM) estabelece critérios para diagnosticar o TUA. Pelo menos três dos seguintes fatores devem estar presentes por doze meses:

  1. Aumento da tolerância ao álcool (exceto em casos de danos metabólicos, como no fígado).
  2. Continuar a beber apesar das consequências negativas.
  3. Passar muito tempo pensando, consumindo ou obtendo álcool.
  4. Sintomas de abstinência, como náusea, ansiedade, insônia ou nervosismo ao não beber.
  5. Incapacidade de parar de beber, mesmo com a intenção de fazê-lo.
  6. Consumir álcool por mais tempo do que o planejado.
  7. Abandonar atividades sociais ou hobbies que antes eram valorizados.

Esses critérios ajudam a identificar o TUA, uma condição que requer atenção e tratamento adequados.

Tipos de transtorno por uso de álcool 

O NIAAA identificou cinco subtipos que podem ajudar você a entender melhor o transtorno por uso de álcool e como ele afeta diferentes indivíduos.

Eles incluem: 9 

  • Antissocial jovem: Pessoas com personalidades antissociais que desenvolvem o transtorno se encaixam nessa categoria. Elas geralmente começam a beber cedo para lidar com suas diferenças de personalidade. 
  • Adulto jovem: esta categoria inclui adultos jovens que desenvolveram a condição devido ao consumo excessivo de álcool. 
  • Funcional: Esta categoria compreende pessoas de meia-idade que normalmente são educadas e empregadas. 
  • Crônico grave: Pessoas nesta categoria apresentam sintomas graves de transtorno de uso de álcool. Elas geralmente têm problemas de saúde mental ou outros problemas emocionais, sociais ou financeiros. 
  • Familiar intermediário: Pessoas que têm familiares próximos que também apresentam a condição se enquadram neste subtipo. 

Causas, fatores e genética

O transtorno do uso de álcool (TUA) é um vício complexo, resultante da interação entre fatores biológicos, psicológicos e sociais. A predisposição genética desempenha um papel significativo, contribuindo com cerca de metade do risco de desenvolver alcoolismo. Indivíduos com histórico familiar de problemas com álcool, predisposição a transtornos mentais como ansiedade e depressão, impulsividade e necessidade de maiores quantidades de álcool para sentir seus efeitos, apresentam maior vulnerabilidade.

Fatores psicológicos, como traumas e transtornos não diagnosticados, podem levar ao uso do álcool como mecanismo de enfrentamento. Experiências traumáticas na infância, como abuso e negligência, aumentam o risco de alcoolismo na vida adulta, pois o álcool pode ser utilizado para lidar com sentimentos de raiva, depressão, ansiedade, solidão e tristeza. A terapia pode auxiliar no enfrentamento desses desafios e no desenvolvimento de habilidades de enfrentamento saudáveis.

Fatores sociais também influenciam o consumo de álcool. A disfunção familiar e a cultura da bebida podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento do TUA. Além disso, a busca por recompensas, o alívio do estresse, as normas sociais e experiências positivas passadas com o álcool podem motivar o consumo inicial, que pode evoluir para o alcoolismo.

Efeitos do álcool

O álcool é uma substância de efeitos complexos, capaz de gerar tanto experiências positivas quanto negativas. A dependência do álcool pode levar a desafios significativos para a saúde mental e física.

Efeitos no cérebro

O consumo excessivo de álcool pode causar alterações cerebrais, afetando a memória, o aprendizado, o planejamento, a tomada de decisões e a regulação emocional. Cerca de metade dos indivíduos com alcoolismo apresentam problemas de pensamento e memória. No entanto, a recuperação pode levar a melhorias nessas áreas.

Criatividade

Embora controverso, alguns estudos sugerem que o álcool pode aumentar a criatividade, possivelmente por suprimir a memória de trabalho e estimular o pensamento “fora da caixa”.

Humor

O álcool influencia o humor de forma complexa. Inicialmente, libera endorfinas que podem causar sentimentos de euforia e energia. No entanto, o álcool é um depressor e pode levar a fadiga, inquietação e depressão. O consumo excessivo pode levar à dependência do álcool para regular o humor.

Consequências para a saúde

O consumo excessivo de álcool está associado a uma redução da expectativa de vida e a um maior risco de doenças cardiovasculares, como derrame, doença coronária, insuficiência cardíaca e hipertensão arterial. A relação causal entre álcool e problemas de saúde é complexa, e outros fatores de estilo de vida também podem influenciar os resultados.

Tratamento e Recuperação do Alcoolismo: Um Caminho Possível

A recuperação do transtorno do uso de álcool (TUA) é um processo multifacetado, com diversas abordagens disponíveis. Em alguns casos, a desintoxicação supervisionada é o primeiro passo, seguida por diversas opções de tratamento.

Abordagens de Tratamento:

  • Programas de Apoio: Grupos como Alcoólicos Anônimos (AA) oferecem suporte entre pares e um programa de 12 passos.
  • Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC): Disponível presencialmente ou online, a TCC auxilia na mudança de padrões de pensamento e comportamento.
  • Modelos de Redução de Danos: Abordagens como o Moderation Management visam reduzir o consumo em vez da abstinência total.
  • Intervenções Clínicas: Entrevista motivacional e SBIRT (Triagem, Intervenção Breve, Encaminhamento e Tratamento) são ferramentas úteis.

Superando Barreiras:

  • A vergonha e o estigma são obstáculos comuns, mas muitos programas abordam essas questões.

Reduzindo o Consumo por Conta Própria:

  • Estratégias como educação, grupos de apoio, desafios de sobriedade e práticas de mindfulness podem auxiliar.
  • A entrevista motivacional e o SBIRT também são opções eficazes.

Escolhendo um Centro de Tratamento:

  • Busque centros com triagem rigorosa, tratamento integrado, acompanhamento pós-tratamento, prevenção de abandono, envolvimento familiar, equipe qualificada e credenciamento.

Apoiando um Ente Querido:

  • Compreendendo a Negação: A negação é comum, com argumentos como “Eu bebo menos que meus amigos”.
  • Intervenção Consciente: Pesquise sobre o TUA, escolha o momento certo para conversar, expresse preocupação e ofereça ajuda concreta.
  • Auxiliando na Recuperação: Estabeleça limites, informe-se sobre o alcoolismo, trate comorbidades e busque apoio.
  • Lidando com o Álcool: Converse abertamente sobre a presença de álcool e respeite a decisão do indivíduo em recuperação.

A recuperação é um processo contínuo, que exige paciência, compreensão e apoio mútuo.

Dunlhyan Arruda

Escritor e Acadêmico de Psicologia

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