Ansiedade é um estado mental e físico de expectativa negativa. Mentalmente, é caracterizada por excitação e apreensão aumentadas, torturadas em preocupação angustiante, e fisicamente pela ativação desagradável de múltiplos sistemas corporais — tudo para facilitar a resposta a um perigo desconhecido, seja real ou imaginário.
Os sentimentos cognitivos de pavor em antecipação a algum resultado ruim, e sensações físicas como nervosismo e coração acelerado são projetados para desconforto. A ansiedade tem o objetivo de capturar a atenção e estimular você a fazer as mudanças necessárias para proteger o que você se importa. Crises ocasionais de ansiedade são naturais e podem até ser produtivas. A ansiedade pode ser considerada o preço que nós, humanos, pagamos por termos a capacidade de imaginar o futuro.
Quando a ansiedade se torna um transtorno, mas a ansiedade persistente, generalizada ou exagerada pode atrapalhar a vida diária, seja na escola, no trabalho ou com amigos — a marca de um transtorno de ansiedade. No Brasil, a prevalência de transtornos de ansiedade é significativa. De acordo com dados de 2023, mais de 1/4 dos brasileiros receberam diagnóstico médico de ansiedade, tornando o país um dos líderes mundiais em transtornos ansiosos, segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS).
A ansiedade é frequentemente acompanhada de depressão, e as duas compartilham muitos sintomas e envolvem muitas das mesmas vias cerebrais. A biologia pode contribuir para a vulnerabilidade à ansiedade, assim como experiências da infância, como traumas precoces, e práticas parentais, como superproteção. Estudos sugerem que eventos traumáticos podem modificar a resposta do cérebro ao estresse, aumentando a probabilidade de desenvolver transtornos de ansiedade na vida adulta.
Não é possível nem desejável eliminar a ansiedade completamente, pois ela desempenha um papel crucial em nos manter alertas e vivos. O tratamento é voltado para manter a ansiedade em níveis controláveis. A ansiedade pode ser tratada com sucesso usando terapia, medicação ou ambos. Medidas de estilo de vida, como exercícios regulares, respiração profunda e práticas de mindfulness, também são extremamente importantes no controle da ansiedade.
Quais são as razões para o aumento da ansiedade?
Por que a ansiedade está aumentando: A ansiedade é agora o principal problema de saúde mental em todo o mundo, e a incidência de ansiedade ainda está aumentando, especialmente entre os jovens. Um número crescente de crianças e adolescentes está sendo diagnosticado com o transtorno.
Uma razão frequentemente citada para o aumento geral da ansiedade é o fardo da incerteza em quase todos os domínios da vida moderna, em resposta a uma série de mudanças econômicas e culturais. A incerteza não causa ansiedade, mas fornece terreno fértil para ela.
Dois fatores importantes que contribuem para a ansiedade entre os jovens são práticas parentais que superprotegem as crianças e o crescimento das mídias sociais. A tecnologia fornece novas oportunidades para conectar pessoas, mas também leva a novas experiências de comparação social negativa e novos caminhos para a exclusão social. Estudos mostram que o uso excessivo de redes sociais está associado a um aumento dos níveis de ansiedade e depressão entre adolescentes.
Como reconhecer os sinais de ansiedade?
O que causa ansiedade? A verdadeira causa da ansiedade é ser humano com capacidade de imaginar um futuro. Ela encontra terreno fértil na incerteza, e há muita incerteza no mundo atualmente.
A ansiedade é única, pois pode ser desencadeada por eventos no mundo real — uma próxima consulta médica, conflito de relacionamento, um aumento de aluguel — ou pode ser gerada totalmente internamente, por meio de pensamentos de ameaças reais ou imaginárias (não saber o que dizer quando o chefe o chama para uma reunião). Fatores genéticos também desempenham um papel significativo, com estudos sugerindo que a herdabilidade da ansiedade pode variar entre 30% e 50%.
Como tratar a ansiedade?
Transtornos de ansiedade podem frequentemente ser tratados com sucesso com psicoterapia, sozinha ou em combinação com medicamentos, e com mudanças no estilo de vida. A terapia cognitivo comportamental (TCC), adaptada às ansiedades específicas de um indivíduo, é uma das opções mais eficazes. Os pacientes aprendem a desafiar padrões de pensamento distorcidos que criam tanto sofrimento.
A terapia de exposição, na qual os pacientes são expostos de forma segura e gradual aos seus medos para que não os evitem mais, é uma parte essencial da maioria dos tratamentos comportamentais para ansiedade. A medicação é frequentemente usada para ajudar os pacientes a controlar os sintomas o suficiente para se concentrarem na terapia da fala.
Mudanças no estilo de vida desempenham um papel importante no gerenciamento de longo prazo da ansiedade. Exercícios, respiração profunda e programas de meditação têm como alvo facetas muito específicas do transtorno. Além disso, a alimentação pode influenciar os níveis de ansiedade: dietas ricas em açúcar e cafeína podem piorar os sintomas, enquanto alimentos ricos em triptofano, como banana e aveia, podem ajudar na produção de serotonina.
Quando a ansiedade é uma doença?
Crises ocasionais de ansiedade são totalmente normais e um dos custos inevitáveis de estar — e permanecer — vivo. No entanto, às vezes as preocupações saem do controle.
Elas podem surgir sem nenhuma razão discernível, ou ser desproporcionais à situação, ou durar além dos movimentos para resolver qualquer problema possível. Ou a preocupação ou os sintomas físicos levam a evitar situações que podem desencadear desconforto. A ansiedade se torna um transtorno quando consome muita atividade mental ou interfere nas atividades e no desempenho.
Crianças e ansiedade
Cerca de uma em cada oito crianças pode sentir ansiedade significativa. Suas primeiras preocupações são sobre serem separadas dos pais. Mas elas se preocupam com muitas coisas, desde incêndios e desastres que não podem controlar até discussões entre os pais que podem significar divórcio. Elas se preocupam com o mundo maior também, incluindo terroristas e os efeitos das mudanças climáticas.
Preocupações normais se tornam problemáticas quando interferem no sono, na ida à escola ou na atenção na escola, ou no envolvimento em atividades com outras pessoas. Um fator importante que influencia a prevalência da ansiedade infantil é o aumento da parentalidade helicóptero. Além disso, estudos mostram que crianças que não têm tempo suficiente para brincadeiras ao ar livre e interação social presencial tendem a apresentar maiores níveis de ansiedade.
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